Nature Vs. Nature Nature And Support - 1322 Words

The discussion over what figures out who we are, whether it is Nature (heredity, our organic make up) or Nurture (our surroundings) is taking another shape. Through the previous decades, analysts have created distinctive speculations to clarify the qualities of individuals; how we feel, think and carry on. For the most part, these hypotheses were one directional in the nature/sustain question. Today, another way to deal with manage this inquiry is rising. This new approach finds a center ground amongst nature and support. The conclusion that nature and sustain are corresponding and work hand and hand to shape a conduct (an intentional and important movement) is not a bargain; it is a consequence of an energetic investigation of each of the segments of the mathematical statement of heredity and environment and their effects on deciding one s improvement and conduct. Actually, the more we comprehend about improvement and conduct, the more clear it turns into that nature and support are comparatively impacts instead of determinants, separately as well as in blend. Here underneath, I will Endeavor to uncover the main speculations managing the topic of nature versus support. I will likewise attempt to show the third, new-rising methodology intended to tackle the riddle of Would could it be that makes us who we are? Our qualities made us. We creatures exist for their conservation and are just their disposable survival machines. This is the thing that Richard Darwin statesShow MoreRelatedNature vs. Nurture: Parents or Environment Essay example571 Words   |  3 Pagestheory very difficult to understand, thus making the topic of nature vs. nurture extremely controversial. The debates always show that nature and nurture contrast but then there may be evidence that suggest that the two are linked and a person is actually an enigma characterized by the mixture of predisposed genetics and environmental influences. The idea that nature and nurture are joined is great to oppose nativists, people on the nature side, and empiricists, people sided with nurture. As mentionedRead MoreNature Vs Nurture Essay882 Words   |  4 PagesNature vs Nurture The discussion about nature and nurture can be considered one of the oldest problems in psychology, the main question of which is: Are human traits present at birth or are they developing through experience? (Meyers, 2013). The natural side of the discussion asserts that the facial features and the way of their development strictly through DNA and genetics are transmitted by parents and grandparents. The nurture side of the debate argues that we are born with a clean list andRead MoreTheme Of Guilt In The Scarlet Letter719 Words   |  3 Pagesand the consequences that follow. The themes public guilt vs. private guilt and nature vs. society expresses the story’s main idea. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses character development, setting development, and sequence of events to support the themes. He conveys the themes by using tone, symbolism and word choice. The main characters that are the epitome of these themes, are Hester Prynne, Pearl, and Arthur Dimmesdale. The theme public guilt vs. private guilt explains the main purpose in The Scarlet LetterRead MoreThe Running Dream Character Analysis1165 Words   |  5 Pagescharacters who were there to support her, such as her father and Rosa (Jessica’s friend), battled conflict of their own. Jessica Carlisie was an unfortunate victim of a bus crash on her way home from a track meet. As a consequence of the crash, her doctors are forced to amputate her leg, damaged beyond repair. Throughout the novel, the characters in the book struggled with all types of conflict: man vs. man, man vs. self, man vs. nature, man vs. technology/machine, and character vs. society. Jessica CarlisieRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Addiction1102 Words   |  5 Pages Nature vs. Nurture: Addiction Introduction Psychology is a developing science which studies the mental functions, processes, and behaviors of an individual. In the science of psychology, many debates arise; nature vs. nurture is one of the most popular ones. These psychological debates are followed by research, backing up either nature or nurture or both. Nature suggest heredity impacts human psychological development; nurture suggests the environment impacts our psychologicalRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Is The Nature Or Nurture?1300 Words   |  6 PagesAoS 3: Student Directed Research Investigation Unit 1 Psychology - Megan Rodrigues RESEARCH QUESTION How is the nature vs nurture debate related to a consideration of the mental disorder, schizophrenia? INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is categorized by thoughts or experiences that seem abnormal with reality, disorganized speech or behaviour and decreased participation in regular daily activities. Difficulty with memory and concentration are sometimes also present. The two hit hypothesis generally refersRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Nurture1405 Words   |  6 PagesDecember 2015 Nature vs. Nurture Very few people know that the nature vs. nurture debate actually began early on with famous Greek philosophers such as Plato and Descartes. These two theorized that certain things were inborn and occurred naturally regardless of environmental factors (Cherry 1). Most people began to witness this debate in 1896 when the phrase â€Å"Nature vs. Nurture† was coined by English polymath, Francis Galton (â€Å"Nature vs. Nurture†Origins 1). At this point the nature vs. nurture debateRead MoreNature Vs Nurture Debate1291 Words   |  6 PagesHow is the nature vs nurture debate related to a consideration of the mental disorder, schizophrenia? INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is categorized by thoughts or experiences that seem abnormal with reality, disorganized speech or behaviour and decreased participation in regular daily activities. Difficulty with memory and concentration are sometimes also present. The two hit hypothesis generally refers to a genetic vulnerability, which is known as the first hit, triggered by something in the environmentRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology1194 Words   |  5 Pages(2014). Adoptive parent hostility and children’s peer behavior problems: Examining the role of genetically informed child attributes on adoptive parent behavior. Developmental Psychology, 50(5), 1543-1552. This source goes against the belief that nature and nurture even paly that much of a significant role in the way children grow up to portray themselves. Elam and Shaw say that it’s all about personal choices. They feel that through their recent discoveries that this is proven to be substantialRead MoreEcofeminism Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pagestheorists question the source of the oppression of women, and seek to eliminate this oppression. Ecofeminists consider the oppression of women, (sexism) the oppression of other humans (racism, classism, ageism, colonialism), and the domination of nature (naturism) to be interconnected. In her book New Woman/New Earth, Rosemary Radford Reuther wrote, Women must see that there can be no liberation for them and no solution to the ecological crisis within a society whose fundamental model of relationships

The History of Graphic Design Essay - 1085 Words

History of Graphic Design Thesis Graphic design is an art that has undergone a lot of revolution in terms of both the historical context and the relevance and significance of art in various aspects of life. Graphic design has one of the longest histories, dating back to prehistoric and medieval era to the modern era of the modernists. It is therefore easy to conclude that graphic design is as old as humanity. many graphic designers have foreseen the this revolution , including legendary graphic designers such as Pablo Picasso, Brague Juan, Paul Rand and many others who have contributed greatly to the growth of the graphic design (Meggs Purvis, 2006). Currently, the world has experienced the curbinism style of graphic design that†¦show more content†¦The mid 20th century was a period when most companies sprung up after the Second World War and wanted to create unique brands and identities. Rand’s work will be analyzed in three phases or periods, where he specialized in certain artistic works at the specific periods. Between 1937 to 11941, he specialized in book design and did a lot of media promotions through his graphical designs. Between 1941 to 1954, Paul Rand focused more on the creation of adverts and then since 1954, he decided to venture into the production of corporate graphic designs that actually formed a bulk of his last works. Paul Rand played a major role in terms of historical, social, and Cultural Revolution and influence. He is best known for championing of corporate social responsibility and professionalism by both the artists and the customers he worked for. He believed in giving his clients value for their money through his quality works and not exploiting his clients. He considered this as his moral responsibility (Rand, 1985). Below is an analysis of some of Paul Rand’s most important and significant designs. a) The IBM logo IBM is one of the largest technology companies in the United States that specializes in the manufacture of computer components and computer parts for several computer companies.Show MoreRelatedHistory of Graphic Design1765 Words   |  7 PagesHistory Graphic Design History Graphic Design Similarities of Different Graphic Designs Graphic design is an art that entails visual communication, which tends to combine words, images or even an idea in an effort to bring out some information to an audience. Graphic designers effectively put their art and profession mainly in the design of graphics, logos, and posters among other forms of visual communication. In addition, these designers assist in creation of continuity among the differentRead MoreGraphic Design : A New History2053 Words   |  9 Pagesintroduction of the printing press, graphic design has been conceived as a commodity that serves the vision of those paying for it. History has shown designers lend their talent to corporate and commercial settings where their skills are utilized to make the packaging and advertising that currently crowds the landfills. This prominent route design has taken, is a result of the client’s ability to pay for these services. In the past 60 years a second avenue for design has emerged with force and momentumRead More Course Syllabi- History of Graphic Design2614 Words   |  11 PagesCourse Title: History of Graphic Design Course Number: AH315 Department: Liberal Arts Term: FALL 2013 Room Number and Time: 125 / Fridays 3:15-6:00pm Credit Hours: 3 Prerequisites: LA 1210122, LA 125-126, and AH 210211 or consent of instructor Instructor Name: Paul Mazzucca Instructor Contact Info: pmazzucca@pnca.edu Instructor Office Hours: TBD Course Description History of Graphic Design is a critical contextual research and survey study of the intents, influences, practicesRead MoreEssay about Summary of History of Graphic Design by Meggs14945 Words   |  60 Pagesspokenlanguage. - Cuneiform – Wedged shaped writing, created in 3000BC. Started as pictographs. - With the discovery of cuneiform, there was a knowledge explosion, where libraries were organized filling with tablets about religion, mathematics, and history. Writing enabled society to stabilize itself, and laws were created. - Two by-products of the rise of village culture were the ownership of property and the specialization of trades. - Egyptians used hieroglyphics. - The Rosetta Stone, whichRead MoreAmerican Institute Of Graphic Artists1247 Words   |  5 PagesInstitute of Graphic Artists (AIGA) is the leading professional organization for the discipline of the graphic design field. According to AIGA’s website, the emphasis is on the importance of â€Å"advancing design as a respected craft, strategic advantage, and vital force while enhancing the value and deepening the impact design has on society as well as the future† (‘About AIGA’). Presented on the website information varies from information on significant topics and imported media found in the Design ArchivesRead MoreGraphic Design: A Superb Career Option for Technology Savvy Artists982 Words   |  4 Pagesjob like graphic design is a great choice for prospective artists. Graphic design has evolved greatly over time, and today employs a myriad of people. After completing the necessary level of education, creative individuals make images to convey a message, and are paid well for their efforts. With experience, some even advance further in their career. Overall, graphic design is a fantastic career that combines art and technology, offering excellent opportunities for the future. Graphic design has itsRead MoreGraphic Design And Art And Design1182 Words   |  5 PagesOften times a painting has the same structure as a design. The details can be similar for both Graphic Design and Fine Art. Paintings such as Son of Man by Magritte which has basics such as shadow, highlight, simple composition, and a dull color palette. A design for Apple Laptops was created of a decal of Son of Man. This design also had shadow, light, basic composition, and an achromatic color palette. The structure is the same, but one is created digitally and one is a painting. The processesRead MoreEssay on Josef Muller Brockmann and His Work1106 Words   |  5 Pagesconsidered one of the most talented and very influential design artists. In 1936, Muller established his own design practice in Zurich where he specialized in design, graphics and photography. His first poster was designed in 1950. He succeeded Ernst Keller in 1957 as a teacher of graphics design at kunstgewerbeschule of Zur ich. He later founded the Muller-Brockmann in 1967. He lectured the international design conference, the world design conference and the University of Osaka. Muller BrockmannRead MoreThe World Of Graphic Design925 Words   |  4 PagesThe world of Graphic Design has been revolutionized time and time again with many artists setting high standards for aspiring graphic designers. Two artists who are interesting and innovative in their own ways are graphic designers Chipp Kidd and Jennifer Morla. Kidd has created many design successes with some of his most famous book jackets being Jurassic Park, Naked by Davis Sedaris and All the Pretty Horses. The designs of the books are all drastically diverse, making it difficult to pinpointRead MoreGraphic Design Vs. Art Essay1506 Words   |  7 Pages Graphic Design vs Art â€Å"Design is the method of putting form and content together. Design, just as art, has multiple definitions, there is no single definition. Design can be art. Design can be aesthetics. Design is so simple, that’s why it is so complicated†. The following items will be discussed to give better understanding of Graphic Design vs Art: definition of the two terms, what is considered art, what is considered design, and opinions of the two subjects. Sometimes the best way to communicate

How Power Exerted by Leaders over Land and People Change...

Research Question: From 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E., how did the power individual leaders exerted over their lands and people change over time? Annotated Timeline 1. 527 C.E. – Reign of the Emperor Justinian over the Byzantine Empire Justinian, also known as â€Å"the sleepless emperor† by his subjects, was one of the most influential of the early Byzantine emperors. The reign of Justinian was a prodigiously paramount period. It marked the final cessation of the Roman Empire; the establishment of the incipient, Byzantine empire; the commencement of Western Europes unique position within the civilizations of the Old World; and made possible the spread of Islam and the rise of the Franks. He ruled along side his strong-willed wife, and†¦show more content†¦The Grand Canal helped to amalgamate both northern and southern China both economically culturally, as well as strengthening the unification of the empire. Sui Yangdi also finished the construction of the Great Wall, which is one of the largest building projects ever undertaken. During his reign, Sui Yangdi also embarked on many military conquests in order to extend his empire. He was able to expand his empire north into Inner Asia and south to present-day Vietnam. His conquests against Japan, though, ended disastrously with the Chinese people rebelling against him , and eventually he was assassinated in 618 C.E. which brought the empire to an end. The fall of the once powerful Sui dynasty after Sui Yangdi’s death further proves how strong, authoritative individuals are pivotal for the perpetuating success and survival of an empire and its peoples. 3. 627 C.E. – Reign of Tang Taizong over the Tang Empire Tang Taizong (627-649) was the second Tang emperor and ruled the Tang Empire at its highest point. He was an zealous and charismatic individual; he even kicked his father out of the throne and killed his two brothers just so he could become the emperor. Taizong’s reign brought about the most eminent period of prosperity and tranquolity in China’s society and helped China become one of the most powerful feudal empires the world has ever seen. His empire covered most of the territory of present day China, Mongolia, Central Asia, Vietnam, and Eastern Kazakhstan.

Essay on America and the Great Depression - 1882 Words

America and the Great Depression 1. Compare the ideas behind the protest movements of Huey Long and Upton Sinclair. The Era of the Great Depression was one of both desperation and hope. Americans were desperate for a change, desperate for anything to come along that may improve their situation, yet hopeful that the light at the end of the tunnel was near. For many of those living in poverty during the 1930s, the â€Å"radical† leftist movements seen throughout the country appeared to be alternatives to the sometimes ineffective programs of FDR’s New Deal. Two such programs, Huey Long’s â€Å"Share Our Wealth† plan and Upton Sinclair’s End Poverty in California (EPIC) were fairly popular, mainly for their appealing alternatives to the†¦show more content†¦Long’s program became quite popular nationally, at one point the Share Our Wealth Society claimed to have nearly 4.7 million members. Such support only fueled Long’s fire, aspirations for the 1936 presidency. The threat Long presented to the Democrat’s reign in congress was le gitimate. At one time, President Roosevelt named Long â€Å"one of the two most dangerous men in America†. (Biles 123) Though his assassination in 1935 removed the threat of his possible candidacy, the strong support and influence of his followers caused the Roosevelt administration to move slightly more to the left. Upton Sinclair, a former socialist and founder of the EPIC plan, registered with the Democratic party in 1933 so he could run as a major party candidate in the 1934 California election for governor. (Polenberg 120) Though he lost the election, EPIC supporters succeeded in gaining 30 seats in California legislature, which ultimately pushed the state governor to endorse New Deal programs. (Biles 120) Sinclair, well known for a number of books he wrote (which often attacked the â€Å"evils of a capitalistic society†), based his EPIC plan on the idea of creating â€Å"an economy based on use rather than on profit.† (Polenberg 120) EPIC called for the seizure of idle land in California and its transformation into a network of cooperatives to be run and managed by those without jobs. These â€Å"colonies† would be given land to cultivate, as well as factories and production plants to workShow MoreRelatedThe Great Depression Of America920 Words   |  4 PagesThe Great Depression A major event in American history that has shaped society today is the great depression that began in 1929 and ended in 1939. The official day the stock market crashed was a a day known as â€Å"black Tuesday†. At the time, the American government was not prepared nor did they have policies in place that made them well prepared for such an event to take place. This unfortunate event threw Americans into a an economic crisis unlike any event experienced before in history and leftRead MoreThe Great Depression Of America1727 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Depression in America is often believed to have ended when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbour and the US entered WWII in December 1941. However, while an exact end date is a matter of debate, it’s obvious the end of the Great Depression correlates somewhat with the beginning of the war, leading many to believe WWII must have ended the Great Depression and triggered the economic recovery of the United States. Many histo rians believe that the government and military spending restimulatedRead MoreThe Great Depression Of America980 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica has been around for many years and during those years people of America have experienced horrible times and fantastic times. There were the world wars, and there were the roaring twenties when America was the fastest growing. After the roaring twenties the American economy took a turn for the worse. After such a prosperous decade, when America went into the depression people were not ready for such a drastic change. Many people didn’t understand how it occurred, but now we have a better understandingRead MoreAmerica in the Great Depression1370 Words   |  5 Pagesdecade, from 1929 to 1940, America’s economy failed to operate at a level that allowed most Americans to attain economic success. A worldwide depression struck countries with market economies at the end of the 1920s. Although the Great Depression was relatively mild in some countries, it was severe in others, especially in the United States. The Great Depression left the American economy in ruins with problems that would take decades to fix. Government involvement increased in an effort to reconstructRead MoreThe Great Depression Of America3487 Words   |  14 Pages The Great Depression If one asks most Americans their opinion about when our nations’ economy crashed the most severely, they would most likely say the period between October 1929, until 1930 when the United States went through the great depression. The great depression was a time where people lost nearly everything, from houses and farms, to families and children. People were starving and left out in the cold. The worst part about this was that once people lost their belongings, they were goneRead MoreThe Great Depression of America514 Words   |  2 Pagesmill in Gary several other factories and companies started to travel to Gary for products because it became a business that lasted for decades. There was great memories in the 1920s with the great depression that had eventually changed in the 1930s. There were a crash of the stock market that was drawn in 1929 with the Great Depression of America. The American had no choice but to share unemployment and poverty. Then there was a decrease in the agriculture market which had a distress effect on theRead MoreThe Great Depression Changed America845 Words   |  4 PagesEssay The Great Depression changed our whole society but not in a bad way. The drop of the stock market gave buyers two choices; work harder to earn their money back or give up. After families lost most of their money they gave up and couldn’t provide for themselves. The Great Depression has majorly affected our current world. The Great Depression had shown how big companies affected America, how much the Executive branches power had grown and how the bank could not always be trusted. The Great DepressionRead MoreThe Great Depression Trademarks America1544 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Depression trademarks America at its all-time historical down point. In FDR’s Folly, Powell spotlights the presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, astronomical levels of unemployment, as well as the New Deal program developed to combat the Great Depression. Powell, who was born and educated in London, earned a master’s degree in history and he clearly demonstrates his views to the reader. In his words, FDR’s presidency did not aid the economic state but drove it further back as well asRead MoreThe Great Depression And Its Effects On America2001 Words   |  9 PagesThe Great Depression was an incredibly dull time in the historical backdrop of the United States, impacting all the financial assets of the American lifestyle. The Great Depression shattered the financial status of the United States. President Roosevelt has been known for sparing the U.S out of the financial turmoil it found itself in from the Great Depression. The causative components of t he Great Depression are still up for debate by many students of history and economics. For some individualsRead More The Great Depression in America Essay2388 Words   |  10 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Great Depression was a huge economic downfall in North America and involved many other industrialized countries of the world. The Depression began in 1929 and lasted for about ten years. Millions of people lost their jobs along with many businesses going bankrupt. The common misconception of the Great Depression is people think that the stock market crash was the main cause for it. There were many causes for the Depression; unequal distribution of money during the

Data Communication free essay sample

These are the dedicated lines for transmitting the digitized data, voice and video signals. Every message in the transmission process is divided into the seven logical layers known as the OSI layers model. Security and privacy are the biggest concerns in the data communications. Wireless networks, faxed business letters and the computer without proper security implementations can be hacked. To deal with these internal and external security threats the data communication networks should be properly safe guarded with the antivirus, antivirus and firewall solutions. Computer networks should also meet the performance, reliability, consistency, recovery and security criteria to maintain the smooth flow of data in an organization. Computer networks redirects here. For the periodical, see  Computer Networks (journal). Datacom redirects here. For other uses, see  Datacom (disambiguation). Internet   map. The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the  standard Internet Protocol Suite  (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. We will write a custom essay sample on Data Communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Distributed processing A  computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of hardware components and computers interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information.

Essay on Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Example For Students

Essay on Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) introduction to the clinical practice revolutionized the interventional cardiology ,it is a valuable option for a non –operable patient with sever aortic stenosis or high risk population however ,TAVR is associated with a risk of cerebral embolization and ischemic vascular events and possible neurological impairment the estimate of these complication is vary but it have been reported early and late after the procedure moreover the reported incidence of bleeding associated with TAVI is relatively high .with this given incident of complication required adequate antithrombotic therapy during and following procedure ,however despite the current guidelines recommendation the optimal antithrombotic is not very well established . Introduction: Sever Aortic Stenosis (AS) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in elderly duo to a bimodal age distribution ,degenerative calcification of Tricuspid valve is the major cause of AS in the population ,unlike the younger patient etiology which is : bicuspid valve calcification or rheumatic heart disease .1 The Burden of the disease is high with a prevalence of 3.4% 2. With the progressive nature of the disease and the increased severity of the symptoms made the surgery the gold standard for symptomatic AS patients ,however up to 30% of cases are considered too high risk for classical valve replacement surgery and remain untreated and experiencing poor prognosis . Fortunately , with the introduction of TAVR its offer a valuable option for the inoperable or at high risk of surgery patients3..the annual eligible candidate for this procedure expected to be 27,000 in 19 European countries and North America according to recent meta-analysis and modeling study2, TAVI is associated with a high risk of stroke ,transient ischemic stroke ,Atrial Fibrillation and myocardial infarction and the long term outcome associated with bleeding complication mainly duo to the use of Dual antiplatlets therapy (DAPT) which raise the need to find the optimal regimen of antithrombotic to avoid the early cerebrovascular complication ,provide optimum stroke prevention and avoid the bleeding as a long term outcome . This article will review the current recommendation of antithrombotic during and following TAVI and the recent evidence and advancement in this unique procedure. TAVI Versus SAVR : Although there are cumulative data suggesting superior survival and symptomatic outcomes for inoperable patients who undergo TAVI versus medical palliation4,5 The available data on TAVI versus AVR showed that major adverse outcomes such as mortality and stroke appeared to be similar between the two treatment modalities. Evidence on the outcomes of TAVI compared with AVR in the current literature is limited by inconsistent patient selection criteria, heterogeneous definitions of clinical endpoints and relatively short follow-up periods. two meta-analysis have been conducted that include TAVR and SAVR studies in their evaluation .one meta-analysis compared TAVR to AVR combining the results from two randomized controlled trials and 11 observational reports comparing TAVI with AVR in patients with severe aortic stenosis6. Interestingly, selected studies identified no significant differences in mortality and stroke between the two treatment groups. However, vascular complications, permanent pacemaker insertion and significant aortic regurgitation were relatively common after TAVI, and significantly more frequent than after conventional AVR. Conversely, major bleeding was more likely to occur after surgical AVR than TAVI. The second meta-analysis of seventeen studies in (n=4,659) comparing TAVR (n=2,267) and SAVR ( n2,392) was conducted to determine the differences in postprocedural mortality and major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events between the two attack, and major bleeding interventions .7 End points were baseline logistic European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation score, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke,transient ischemic events. There was no significant difference in cardiovascular mortality (p[0.54) as well as the incidence of myocardial infarction (p[0.59), stroke (p[0.36), and transient ischemic attack (p [ 0.85) at averages of 86, 72, 66, and 89 weeks, respectively Similar to the previous meta-analysis ,TAVI WAS noninferior to SAVR for postprocedural myocardial infarctions and cerebrovascular events but it was superior to SAVR for major bleeding complications. therfore TAVR should be considered in selected high risk elde rly patients and the use of TAVR for eligible surgical candidate should be considered within the boundaries of clinical trials duo to the importan;t cerebrovascular and cardiovascular debilitating adverse events which is a significant predictor of mortality the suggested predisposing factors for the occurrence of stroke are a newly onset of atrial fibrillation and a higher-grade mitral valve insufficiency8,9.Moreover, the antithrombotic regimen appear to play a major role in prevention of those fatal complications.10 however , it is unclear what is the optimal antithrombotic regimen to provide protection for early and late thrombotic events in patients who undergoing to TAVR11 in the absence of randomized control trials and lack of evidence base recommendation from the international societies who based their recommendation on observational studies 12 Antithrombotic Prior TAVR: Up to our knowledge there is no specific recommendation for antithrombotic prior TAVR ,however ,few recent study suggested bridging with unfractionated heparin For those who required anticoagulation therapy before TAVR (e.g. mechanic mitral valve),,13,14,15Recent study evaluated the early and long term bleeding complications after TAVR suggest to avoid pre-treatment with clopidogrel in patient with advanced age, BMI, and a history of anemia who have increased the risk for early bleeding and suggested Vitamin K natagonists with clopidogrel seems to be thesafest therapy in the early post-TAVI period13. Antithrombotic During TAVR : Anticoagulants : Essay about Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome10- Jochen Reino ¨hl , Constantin von zur Mu ¨hlen ,Martin Moser , Stefan Sorg , Christoph Bode , Manfred Zehender. TAVI 2012: state of the art. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2013 35:419–435 11- Davis EM1, Friedman SK, Baker TM. A review of antithrombotic therapy for transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Postgrad Med. 2013 Jan;125(1):59-72. 12- 13- Katarzyna CzerwiÅ„ska-Jelonkiewicz, Adam Witkowski, Maciej DÄ…browski, Marek Banaszewski, Ewa KsięŠ¼ycka-MajczyÅ„ska, Zbigniew Chmielak, Krzysztof KuÅ›mierski, Tomasz Hryniewiecki,Marcin Demkow, Ewa OrÅ‚owska-Baranowska, Janina StÄ™piÅ„ska. Antithrombotic therapy – predictor of early and longterm bleeding complications after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Arch Med Sci 2013; 9, 6: 1062–1070 14-Nijenhuis VJ1, Stella PR, Baan J, Brueren BR, de Jaegere PP, den Heijer P, Hofma SH, Kievit P, Slagboom T, van den Heuvel AF, van der Kley F, van Garsse L, van Houwelingen KG, Vant Hof AW, Ten Berg JMAntithrombotic therapy in patients undergoing TAVI: an overview of Dutch hospitals. Neth Heart J. 2014 ;22(2):64-9. 15- Katarzyna Czerwinska-Jelonkiewicz1, Adam Witkowski2, Maciej Dabrowski2, Marek Banaszewski,Ewa Ksiezycka-Majczynska, Zbigniew Chmielak, Krzysztof Kusmierski, Tomasz Hryniewiecki,Marcin Demkow, Ewa OrÅ‚owska-Baranowska, Janina Stepinska. Antithrombotic therapy – predictor of early and longterm bleeding complications after transcatheter aortic valve implantation Arch Med Sci 2013; 9, 6: 1062–1070 16- Holmes DR Jr, Mack MJ, Kaul S, Agnihotri A, Alexander KP, Bailey SR et al (2012) ACCF/AATS/SCAI/STS expert consensus document on transcatheter aortic valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol 59(13):1200–1254 17- Leon MB, Smith CR, Mack M, et al. Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation for aortic stenosis in patients who cannot undergo surgery. N Engl J Med 2010;363:1597–607. 18- Smith CR, Leon MB, Mack MJ, et al. Transcatheter versus surgical aortic-valve replacement in high-risk patients. N Engl JMed 2011;364: 2187–98. 19- Hillegass WB, Brott BC, Chapman GD, Phillips HR, Stack RS,Tcheng JE et al (2002) Relationship between activated clotting time during percutaneous intervention and subsequent bleeding complications. Am Heart J 144(3):501–507 20- Ziad Sergie ,Thierry Lefe`vre ,Eric Van Belle ,Socrates Kakoulides ,Usman Baber , Efthymios N. Deliargyris ,Roxana Mehran ,Eberhard Grube ,Jochen Reino ¨hl ,George D. Dangas. Current periprocedural anticoagulation in transcatheter aortic valve replacement: could bivalirudin be an option? Rationale and design of the BRAVO 2/3 studies .J Thromb Thrombolysis 2013 35:483–493 21- Josep Rodà ©s-Cabau, Harold L. Dauerman, Mauricio G. Cohen, Roxana Mehran, Eric M Small,k Susan S. Smyth, Marco A. Costa, Jessica L. Mega, Michelle L. O’Donoghue, E. Magnus Ohman, , BS,yy Richard C. BeckerAntithrombotic Treatment inTranscatheter Aortic Valve Implantation . Insights for Cerebrovascular and Bleeding Events ,(J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:2349–59 22 -Hirsh J, Bauer KA, Donati MB, Gould M, Samama MM, Weitz JIet al (2008) Parenteral anticoagulants: American college of chest . physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th Edition).Chest 133(6 Suppl):141S–159S 23- Welsby IJ, Newman MF, Phillips-Bute B, Messier RH, KakkisED, Stafford-Smith M (2005) Hemodynamic changes after protamine administration: association with mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery. Anesthesiology 102(2):308–314 24- Bertrand OF, Jolly SS, Rao SV, Patel T, Belle L, Bernat I et al(2012) Meta-analysis comparing bivalirudin versus heparin monotherapy on ischemic and bleeding outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol 110(4):599–606 25-Webb J, Rodà ©s-Cabau J, Fremes S, Pibarot P, Ruel M, Ibrahim R, Welsh R, Feindel C, Lichtenstein S. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: a Canadian Cardiovascular Society position statement. Can J Cardiol. 2012;28:520-8. 26-Noble S, Asgar A, Cartier R, Virmani R, Bonan R. Anatomopathological analysis after CoreValve ReValving system implantation.EuroIntervention 2009;5:78–85. 27-Ussia GP, Scarabelli M, Mulà ¨ M, et al. Dual antiplatelet therapy versus aspirin alone in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation.Am J Cardiol 2011;108:1772–6. 28- Aspirin Versus Aspirin à ¾ Clopidogrel Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: the ARTE trial. 2012. Available at: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/nct01559298?term ¼nct01559298rank ¼1.Accessed May 30, 2012. 29-Jean-Philippe Collet, Gilles Montalescot, Antithrombotic and antiplatelet therapy in TAVI patients:a fallow field? EuroIntervention 2013;9:S43-S47

Blood Brothers By Willy Russell Analysis Essay Example For Students

Blood Brothers By Willy Russell Analysis Essay Blood Brothers by Willy Russell is a common well known play, acted in many places. In this play, there are many themes which Russell wants us to think about, such as superstition, class status, poverty and motherhood. Motherhood plays a huge role in this play as it starts form the beginning and continues towards the end.  This play is about two twins who were separated at birth, and Mrs Johnstone being able to cope with her eight children, Mrs Lyons and the fact that she has a secret of the past, which stays with her throughout the play. This essay will be focusing on Mrs Lyons and Mrs Johnstone and how their relationships and attitudes towards each other are developed and how the secret of separation affected the role of motherhood.  In the 1960s, Liverpool became known all over the world as the home of the Mersey Beat. This was one of the most extensive range of talent in any modern city. Russell sets Blood Brothers in 1960s Liverpool and the audience sees the two brothers grow up through 1970s Liverpool, a time of massive re-development and high unemployment. The two women show the audience different attitudes to motherhood, social class, poverty and superstition. Mrs Johnstone is the main character in the play; she has nine children, one in which is given away. Mrs Johnstones husband has left her and she has to live in poverty and the lack of normal necessities. Mrs Johnstone was in desperate need of money and finds a job as being a cleaner at a wealthy household of Mr and Mrs Lyons, wee know that Mrs Lyons is wealthy because she says that its so big, meaning that her house is big and that Mrs Johnstone has to clean the big house to earn money. Here the relationship between Mrs Johnstone and Mrs Lyons is quite normal, and it seems that nothing is going to go wrong. However Mrs Lyons attitude changes when she finds out that her cleaner is expecting twins, Twins? Youre expecting twins?, this is where Mrs Lyons motherhood act starts to show because she always wanted a child but couldnt have one and she knows that Mrs Johnstone cannot cope.  At the start of this section we discover that Mrs Johnstone is working for Mrs Lyons as a cleaner, it is clear that Mrs Johnstone likes Mrs Lyons and her job, Its such a lovely house its a pleasure to clean it. Mrs Lyons clearly likes her pretty house but finds rather large at present, it is clear that she is lonely, partly because she has no children and because her husband is away, hell be back in five months time, it is also obvious that Mrs Johnstone and Mrs Lyons are quite friendly, they get along together, but sometimes lets slip her personal feelings, we thought that children would come along. As they talk, it is clear that they find it quite natural to have babies, Having babies is like clockwork to me; Mrs Johnstone is amazed that Mrs Lyons is not able to have children and Mr Lyons is against adoption. At this point Mrs Johnstones attitude towards motherhood is quite natural; however tension is created here because the audience knows that acting natural means something negative is going to happen.  When Mrs Lyons finds out about Mrs Johnstone having twins, she decides to have one of them straight away, Give one to me she says, here we learn that Mrs Lyons is desperate and knows that Mrs Johnstone already has a handful of children. .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9 , .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9 .postImageUrl , .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9 , .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9:hover , .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9:visited , .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9:active { border:0!important; } .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9:active , .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9 .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Charles Dickens's Hard Times and Langston Hughes's EssayAt first Mrs Johnstone is reluctant about this idea, but after some thought and Mrs Lyons pushing positive ideas and trust into her thought, Mrs Johnstone agrees, but Mrs Lyons wants to make sure that Mrs Johnstone doesnt change her mind and tells Mrs Johnstone that they should make a binding agreement, this shows her desperation and excitement in having her own child, but it also shows how serious she is about this plan and very cautious. This creates tension because we wonder if Mrs Johnstone is going to agree wit the pact.

Shintoism an Example of the Topic History Essays by

Shintoism by Expert Prof. Maryline | 23 Dec 2016 Introduction One of the most native religions that were practiced in Japan and one of the worlds oldest religions is Shintoism or Shinto, which is the commonly used word to refer to the religion. It was once Japans state religion before Buddhism was practiced. Basically, the word Shinto originated from the Chinese word Shintao, which means The Way of The Gods (Religious Tolerance.org, 2008). Need essay sample on "Shintoism" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The Shinto religion mainly involves the worship of multiple gods or goddesses, which are collectively called deities. More specifically, the Japanese term used to describe these deities is kami, which means that the beings or gods and goddesses are superior, mystical, or pine (Crystallinks.com, 2008). The Japanese used the term kami no michi which literally means the way of the gods in their language (Dominguez, 2006) so that they can distinguish themselves from their Buddhist counterparts. The main or most superior being or deity in Shintoism is Amaterasu, the sun goddess who many believe to be the founder of Japans ruler dynasty (Dominguez, 2006). As such, it was also believed that the Imperial Family originated from Amaterasu, which is why the Emperor was considered a pine being (Public Service Projects, 2008). History Although the Shinto religion is rich in history, its founder and founding date is not fully known. Even in the earliest documented historical accounts of Japanese people, the exact origin of Shinto cannot be found, which is why most historians and researches have difficulty explaining where its beliefs, cultures, and practices came from. The earliest culture that was found to have practiced the religion is the Yayoi (ReligionFacts.com, 2008). The practices of the Yayoi that were closely associated with Shinto were shamanism and agricultural rites. The shamans were the ones who performed the ceremonies and as a result, other tribes such as Yamato, followed suit and made their respective chieftains as head of the Shinto state (Religion Facts.com, 2008). Moreover, the history of Shintoism can be pided into several stages or periods. The first period was from the time of Yayoi to the 552 A.D in which the religion was the sole religion being practiced throughout Japan (Global Media Outreach, 2008). However, in the year 645 A.D., then Japanese Emperor Kotoku rejected Shintoism and instead embraced Buddhism, which market the beginning of the religions decline. The next period of its history was from 800 to 1700 A.D. in which Shinto was combined or amalgamated with other religions such Confucianism and Buddhism, resulting in Ryobu Shinto or a dual-aspect religion (Global Media Outreach, 2008). It was also during this period that the religion experienced a significant decline as less people were practicing it. There was also a period that Shinto was revived, particularly due to the efforts of Hirata, who was one of the most prominent scholars of the religion. In 1700, Harata in his writings emphasized the importance of Shintoism as it reaffirms the belief that Japan and its people are of pine origin. His ideas led to the Japanese peoples renewal in the Shinto faith (Global Media Outreach, 2008). In addition, Emperor Meiji made Shinto as Japans official religion although people were still allowed to practice Buddhism. It then became a state religion in 1882 and it was also during this time that the belief in the Emperors pinity was strengthened (Global Media Outreach, 2008). The Emperors superior status was further reaffirmed following the victories of Japan in World War II. However, after the countrys defeat at the end of the war, the idea that the Emperor was pine was no longer believed by a lot of people. As a result, Shinto was abolished as the official religion of the people of Japan and all its images, shrines, and other objects of worship were removed from government protection and were only preserved by private entities (Global Media Outreach, 2008). Characteristics As mentioned above, the main characteristics of the Shintoism was its worship of objects and beings or kami which they consider as pine or superior. This may include even the simplest inanimate objects. The religion also has great worship and reverence for nature, which is why a strangely-shaped rock, waterfall, or even the moon can be considered as kami (Crystallink.com, 2008). Moreover, despite being a well-preserved religion, Shinto has no official scriptures, no organized system of beliefs, and no set of dogmas (Crystallnks.com, 1008) unlike other religions such as Christianity and Islam. It does not have its own moral code and mainly follows the code of Confucianism (Religious Tolerance.org, 2008). Beliefs One of the main beliefs of the Shinto is that Japanese are descendants from the sun goddess Amaterasu, which began through the Imperial family. This is also the reason behind the belief that every Japanese was Kamis child, which means that human life is pine and sacred (Religious Tolerance.org, 2008). It is also believed that a pine couple, called Izanagi-mikoto and Izanami-no-mikoto were the ones who gave birth to the islands of Japan and also to the gods and goddesses that the religion worshipped. Their son and Amaterasus brother, Susano, was one of the deities who descended from the heavens to the Earth and was famous for slaying an evil serpent that plagued Japan (Religious Tolerance.org, 2008). In addition, the followers of Shinto also had high regard for mushui (Religious Tolerance.org, 2008) which are the Kamis harmonizing and creative powers. It is also their objective to possess makoto (Religious Tolerance.org, 2008) which means being sincere or true to ones heart. Both practices are believed to be the will of the gods and goddesses of the religion. Furthermore, possibly the distinguishing belief of Shintoism is its Four Affirmations (Religious Tolerance.org, 2008). The first affirmation is Tradition and the family, (Religious Tolerance.org, 2008) which means that the family is the main tool that preserves tradition and includes celebrations that are associated with marriage and birth. The second affirmation is Love of nature, (Religious Tolerance.org, 2008) which treats everything in nature as sacred. It also means that being close to nature is similar to being close to the gods which is why objects of nature are considered as sacred spirits. The third affirmation is Physical cleanliness, (Religious Tolerance.org, 2008) which urges followers of Shinto to constantly wash their hands, rinse their mouths, or take baths. Finally, the fourth affirmation is Matsuri, (Religious Toleranc.org, 2008) which is the honor, reverence, and worship given to the kami and ancestral spirits. Practices In general the Shinto has a variety of practices. However, possibly the most notable among them is their place of worship the shrines. For the followers of the religion, the shrines are the places where kami can be found. Each shrine is dedicated to a certain god or goddess who has his or her own pine and unique personality and powers (Religious Tolerance.org, 2008). The most important shrine structure is the inner sanctuary, called honden. Enshrined inside the honden is a sacred symbol called mitama-shiro, which means pine spirits symbol or shintai, which means kami body (ReligionFacts.com, 2008). These symbols are usually in the form of mirrors but there are times when they are wooden images, swords, or other objects. In addition, nobody, except for the heat priest, is allowed to view these sacred symbols and enter the inner sanctuary (ReligionFacts.com, 2008). Moreover, located at the entranced of the shrine are gateways or torii. Before visitors can enter the gateway, they wash their hands and rinse their mouths on an ablution basin. Upon doing so, they usually pray and make an offering on the oratory. They may also ask priests to conduct special prayers for a certain wish or desire (ReligionFacts.com, 2008). Another notable practice of Shintoism is its ceremonies. Usually, Shinto ceremonies are done to ask the kami or deities for protection or treatment. These ceremonies largely consists of prayers, offerings, abstinence, and most of all purification through washing with water, which symbolizes the cleansing of the impurities and dust that cover ones mind (ReligionFacts.com, 2008). It can be said that this practice is similar to the Catholic religions practice of praying before the statues of saints and making offerings in order to ask for a certain personal wish. Moreover, Shitnoism is also known for its ritual dances called Kagura. This dance is usually performed by skilled people and may include group of men, a single man, or a group of girls who are still virgins. It is also the practice of the Shinto followers to wear mamori, which are charms used for protection or healing. In addition, origami, which means paper of the spirits, is never cut or torn as this gives respect to the trees that gave their lives to create origami paper (Religious Tolerance.org, 2008). Scriptures and Texts As mentioned above, Shintoism does not have any official scriptures or texts like the Bible or Quran. However, it has certain books and texts that are considered important not only to the religion but to the entire country as well as they also accounts of the ancient literature, history, and topography of Japan. These books include the Kojiki, which is also called the Record of Ancient Matters and the Nihongi or Nihon shoki, which is called Chronicles of Japan (ReligiousFacts.com, 2008). References Crystallink.com. (2008). Shinto. Retrieved December 8, 2008 from http://www.crystalinks.com/shinto.html. Dominguez, J. (2006). All about Shintoism. Retrieved December 8, 2008 from http://www.religion-cults.com/Eastern/Shintoism/shinto.htm. Global Media Outreach. (2008). Shintoism. Retrieved December 8, 2008 from http://www.greatcom.org/resources/handbook_of_todays_religions/03chap06/default.htm>. Public Service Projects. (2008). Shintoism, Shinto. Retrieved December 8, 2008 from http://mb-soft.com/believe/txo/shintois.htm. Religious Facts.com (2008). Shinto. Retrieved December 8, 2008 from http://www.religionfacts.com/shinto/index.htm. Religious Tolerance.org. (2008). Religions of the World: Shinto. Retrieved December 8, 2008 from http://www.religioustolerance.org/shinto.htm.

Ex Ball Player Essays - Fencing, Flick, Pump,

Ex Ball Player In everyone's life there will be peaks and valleys. What happens when a boy peaks before he has even had the chance to be a man? Can he be content to live in his remembrances of the past even though he seemingly has no future? John Updike's poem, Ex-Basketball Player, suggests that whether happy or not, both the man and the town he lives in need those remembrances. They need them so much, in fact, that the man and town become dependant on each other for reaffirmation of the past. The poem is built around the character Flick Webb, who was a highschool basketball star, but is now confined to the monotony of pumping gas the small town where he was born and raised. Updike does not take an obvious "good or bad" stance on Flick's situation, but rather uses imagery to portray a dark, dingy world of the present and contrast it with the bright, shining glory of Flick's past. The imagery is evident in the first two lines of the poem, where Pearl Avenue "bends with the trolley tracks and stops, cut off." (2) Already we see that Flick's future has been cut short, like the very road that leads to Berth's Garage, where he pumps gas. In fact, the train even passes by the very high school Flick attended. Like Flick, though the train passes the high school, it does not go far beyond. The words "cut off" are the key to understanding Flick's situation. Abruptly, his course was changed. Without warning, his stardom was exchanged for mediocrity. A highschool basketball star's glory days were cut off by the striking reality that he, as the poem suggests, "never learned a trade." (19) In the poem's next stanza, it becomes obvious that Flick is out of place amongst the "idiot pumps" (7) with their "rubber elbows hanging loose and low." (9) The imagery suggests that these inanimate objects are as close as Flick comes to any sort of real contact with others, as is further suggested by the last stanza of the poem, in which he ignores Mae to stare of into "applauding tiers of Necco Wafers, Nibs, and JuJu Beads." (30) The reference to one of the pumps as"more of a football type" (12) also points to the fact that Flick views the world through sports analogies and his past. The fact that there are five pumps, like five men on a basketball court for each team, also suggests that Flick still views life in terms of basketball. These facts affirm the notion that Flick did not concentrate on anything other than basketball throughout his formative years. Not relationships with others, not academics, not a fallback plan. Just basketball. The term "idiot" used to describe the pumps (7) also separates Flick from the other basketball players he used to play with and against. Just as he is out of place amongst the pumps, his talent put him out of place amongst his peers. In fact, though he was revered and lauded, Flick was never really a part of the town. His presence was merely ornamental, and continues to be. The theme that Flick is not necessarily unhappy, but out of place, continues throughout the poem. As we are told that "the ball loved Flick" (16) and "he was the best," (14) we see that it is not just Flick who looks upon his past with a sort of admiration and pride. It is the entire city. He is, in fact, the local hero. The boy who didn't exactly make it big, but he made it big enough that he's remembered. Perhaps the town longs for that hero the same way Flick does. But it is not longing for Flick, specifically. What the town, as represented by the narrator, wants is another hero. Until one comes along, they will live vicariously through Flick's past. "As a gag, he dribbles an inner tube, but most of us remember anyway," (21-22) the narrator muses. It's as though Flick wants to remind the town of his past, but he has no need, for they cling to it just as he does. He does not see people, he sees spectators. He does not see gas pumps, he sees opponents, team mates, and athletes. He does not see candy, he sees a highschool gymnasium full of adoring fans. And likewise, the town does not see a person, but the person's past. It appears to be a very mutual need for reminiscence. However, Flick and his

Shared Trait Between Humans and Chimpanzees Essay Example

Shared Trait Between Humans and Chimpanzees Essay Example Shared Trait Between Humans and Chimpanzees Essay Shared Trait Between Humans and Chimpanzees Essay Shared Trait between Humans and Chimpanzees Anthropology 101 Section Fall 2010 Professor Diane Sank For many years, numerous individuals including anthropologists have attempted to explain how a single species evolved into another. From the time of Charles Darwin to Creationism, anthropologists have established that chimpanzees are human’s closet relative. Furthermore, with the extensive voluminous amount of information, not only are chimpanzees genetically and evolutionary similar to human but share analogous traits. For instance, chimpanzees like human make and utilized tools in various techniques. Another trait shared is eutheria, where offspring depend on the placenta and grown internally of their paternities. In addition to the highly mobile digits that assist chimpanzees in grasping and climbing. These illustrations are just a few. This paper is twofold; to highlight humans and chimpanzees shared traits that can aid in recreating the past of humans, secondly to heighten my knowledge of the evolution of humankind and chimpanzees. Human are classified in the primate order. The primate order contains countless species of prosimians, monkeys, apes, and us. Moreover even though humans are classified along with other primates the nearest relative is chimpanzees. Similarly, humans and chimpanzees share, â€Å"anatomy, and genetic material† that has been noted for several years now. By sharing similar traits it is noted as a vital part of human evolution. Human evolution is the development of humans also known as Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens are categorized in the Hominidae family, a family that has shown to ensure increased brain size with complexity and bipedalism. Chimpanzees have undergone many different changes during that resulted in binocular vision, mobile digits without claws but nails, decreasing in sense of smell due to a reduced snout, large and complex brains. Specific traits are illustrated distinctively within humans (Kottak, 2009). The first trait chimpanzees share with humans is grooming. Grooming is the action of cleaning oneself or another. The purpose of grooming among primates has many functions. The first is to clean another while the other is is sharing a bonding experience with a partner or friend. Both primates experience, â€Å"friendless, submission, appeasement or closeness†¦ embracing, touching, and jumping up and down. † These behaviors assist in shaping closeness between the two chimpanzees taking part in grooming (Haviland, Prins, Walrath, amp; McBride, 2005). Two chimpanzees sit face to face with each other and perform these procedures. Chimpanzees use their digits to â€Å"remove parasites or detritus from another’s hairy body surface,† resulting in the consumption of parasites There are different grooming habits among chimpanzees. For instance, some chimpanzees groom each other face to face while other chimpanzee let the one being groomed to move about as they feel. Some chimpanzees use sticks, or leaves as tools for grooming. In humans grooming is also used as a bonding experience for example between mother and child (McGrew, 1998). The second trait is the increase in the size of the brain and complexity. Primates have the highest intelligences. The size and complexity of brain enables primates to retain additional information to utilize in tool making or climbing. The advantages of a large brain with complexity assist in â€Å"navigat[ing]†¦find[ing] food in a highly complex environment. † The brain size of chimpanzees is larger than most other mammals (Kottak 2006; Stanford, Allen, Anton, 2006). The third trait is highly mobile digits. In humans mobile digits are hands. Chimpanzee’s highly mobile digit allows them to grasp items and climb trees more efficiently. Chimpanzees like human have five fingers on both digits (hands and toes). Primates also have opposable thumbs and tactile pads. Tactile pads empower chimps to have great sensitivity to what they come into contact with. The tactile pads are located at the end of chimp’s digits. Chimps do not have claws but nails (Kottak, 2009). The fourth trait chimps share with humans is tool making. Chimps are every diversified in utilizing and make tools. Chimpanzees construct their tools from surrounding material within the forest such as twigs, bark, and leaves. Tool constructed have multiple functions. For example leaves can be rolled to create a cup for drink water. Another example is utilized leaves for fishing and grooming varies parts of another chimpanzee. Finally leaves can be used in pre –mating procedure and to make medication. Chimpanzees also utilized tools to gather food such as sticking sticks into the ground to gather ants and termites for food. Chimpanzees are able to use their surrounds to help create everyday task to be performed with ease (McGrew, 1998). The fifth trait chimpanzees share with humans is being eutheria. Eutheria are mammals who reproduce internally via placenta. Similar to human chimpanzees do not have a breeding season. This allows chimpanzees to mate at any time of the year. Since mating seasons do not exist in chimpanzee culture, the majority of female chimpanzees throughout their life becomes pregnant or nurse constantly. Once offspring are born they are: â€Å"Dependent for 4 or 5 years†¦chimpanzee infant cannot survive if its mother dies before it reaches the age of 4 at the very least†¦ During the juvenile period, young primates are still dependent upon the largest social group rather than on their mother alone, using this period for learning and refining a variety of behaviors. If the juvenile primate’s mother dies, he or she will be â€Å"adopted† by an older male or female member of the social group. † Not only does the infant depend on their mother for a period in time, the community takes care of them as they reach a certain age (Stanford, Allen, Anton, 2006). The sixth trait chimpanzee share is bipedalism. Bipedalism is the art of walking on two legs. This trait is a major trait that has evolved. Chimpanzees usually walk on all fours. However at times chimpanzees walk bipedally when they have to hold something in their hand. Furthermore Chimpanzees â€Å"cannot sustain bipedalism locomotion for more than 50 to 100 yards [before retracting to] knuckle-walking† (Haviland, Prins, Walrath, amp; McBride, 2005). Human infants like chimpanzees walk on all fours, at times walking bipeadlly shortly until they retract to walking on all fours. The seventh trait is the act of playing. The process of playing among chimpanzees is learning skills that can be used later in life as adults. The act of playing is shown not only in infants but juveniles as well. Infants and juveniles play to â€Å"learn about their environment†¦social skills†¦ [and] testing a variety of behaviors. The act of playing is a tool for learning how certain things work and what is and not accepted in their community (McGrew 1998; Stanford, Allen, Anton, 2006). The eighth trait chimpanzee share with humans is the art of learning. Since the brain of a chimpanzees has increased in size and complexity this trait has assisted in advan tages. Younger chimpanzees stay close to their mothers in order to learn how to perform certain task. For example, chimpanzees in West Africa use stones to crack open nuts. At first the offspring fail to perform the task until a great deal of practice is chieved. This process is call aping, the act of observing then imitating the adult they learned from (Haviland, Prins, Walrath, amp; McBride, 2005). The ninth trait is sexual behavior among chimpanzees. Chimpanzees and humans alike are promiscuous. The reason being primates do not have a set partner, another primate to mate with and stay with as a neutral family. Within chimpanzees communities both male and female engage in finding partners to mate with. There is no standard for the men to only look, but women take part in finding a mate rather than waiting for one. Female chimpanzees similar to humans go through several periods in time when they are vulnerable to impregnation. This period in time is known as estrus, not only where the female is vulnerable to impregnation but skin surrounding the genitals swell. In a recent study â€Å"twelve to fourteen males have been observed to have as many as fifty copulations in one day with a single female in estrus†(Stanford, Allen, Anton, 2006). Sexual promiscuity is a norm in chimpanzee’s community as well as humans. In our culture sexual promiscuity is portrayed in the form of pornography. Even though it is frowned upon individuals still take part in it. The tenth trait similar to humans is communication. Chimpanzees have diverse calls that can be visualized with face and body expressions. There are various calls such as, â€Å"warning calls, threat calls, defense calls, and gather calls†¦ [that accompany] gestures and postures†¦. [that is at] the level of a 2 to 3 –year-old human child† (Haviland, Prins, Walrath, amp; McBride, 2005). Chimpanzee unlike humans cannot speak but they do display language skills incorporating by call and gestures. I have learned that chimpanzees are extremely intelligent and should be studied more often. In my opinion chimpanzees are becoming more and more intelligent than the average American. For example some American can barely read and write let alone communicate their wants and needs. While chimpanzees communicate their wants and needs by using gestures and postures. It is extremely heartbroken more and more primates are slowly being extinct or becoming research models not to benefit the understanding of their ways but for biomedical research. It truly was remarkable learning about chimpanzees an there shared trait humans’ utilize as of today. I am grateful and wish someday I too like Jane Goodall can do research on primates to learn their ways. We as humans should learn more and take care of our closest relative then would we truly understand their ways and ourselves. Chimpanzees, Pan Troglodytes, have acquired traits that are established already in humans. Chimpanzees are highly intelligent primates who display eutheria, the process of growing their offspring internally. Chimpanzees are extremely social creatures that take part in grooming as a process of bonding with another primate. While infants and juvenile learn through play which creates a learning environment for the children to learn what they will be required to know when they are adults. The increase in brain size and complexity has assisted chimpanzees to make and utilize tools, walk bipedally, and able them to climb and grasp with their high mobile digits. It begs the question: what will the future hold for the evolution of humans as chimpanzees become more and more rick in knowledge? ***This report contains 9,445 characters and 1,788 words**** References 1. Haviland, W, Prins, H, Walrath, D, amp; McBride, B. (2005). Living primates. In N. Root (Ed. ), Anthropology: the Human Challenge (pp. 62-87). Canada: Wadsworth. 2. Stanford, C, Allen, J, amp; Anton, S. (2006). Biological anthropology. New Jersey: Pearson Education. 3. Kottak, C. (2009). Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity. New York: The McGraw Hill Companies. 4. Culture in nonhuman primates. (1998). Annuals Review of Anthropology, 27, 301-328.

Free Essays on Nikki Giovanni

The Poems of Nikki Giovanni This research is a study of poems of Nikki Giovanni, a twentieth century African American writer. Giovanni is very versatile writer; she wrote novels, short stories, as well as essays. The most outstanding works of Giovanni includes â€Å"Black Judgment†, â€Å"Black Feelings and Black Talk†, and â€Å"Re: Creation†. Nikki Giovanni has received three NAACP Image awards for her most recent collection; also she is the first recipient of the Rosa Parks Woman of Courage award and holds the Langston Hughes Medal for outstanding poetry. Nikki Giovanni was motivated to write politically and artistically radical poems aimed at raising awareness of black rights and promoting the struggle for racial equality. This study however includes a number of Giovanni’s poems where in social injustice is the principle theme. According to Giovanni African Americans were treated unfairly and human rights were abused. Giovanni uses example of issues with African American, strugg les of radical equality, and crimes against humanity. In this poem â€Å"Concerning One Responsible with Too much Power†, Giovanni illustrates social injustice by creating images of what social injustice means. â€Å"Scared? Are responsible Negroes running scared? I understand I’m to be sued and you say you can’t fight fifteen hundred national guards, men so you’ll beat the shit out of poor Black me (no doubt because I’ve castrated you) dynamite came to your attention and responsible negroes tell the cops your tongue must be removed since you have no brain to keep it in check aren’t you turned around teaching tolerance how can I tolerate genocide my cup is full and you already know we have no ability to delay gratification. I only want to reclaim myself I even want you to reclaim yourself but more and more I’m being convinced that death responsible Negro is the first step toward my reclamation it’s very sad I’d normally stop and cry but... Free Essays on Nikki Giovanni Free Essays on Nikki Giovanni The Poems of Nikki Giovanni This research is a study of poems of Nikki Giovanni, a twentieth century African American writer. Giovanni is very versatile writer; she wrote novels, short stories, as well as essays. The most outstanding works of Giovanni includes â€Å"Black Judgment†, â€Å"Black Feelings and Black Talk†, and â€Å"Re: Creation†. Nikki Giovanni has received three NAACP Image awards for her most recent collection; also she is the first recipient of the Rosa Parks Woman of Courage award and holds the Langston Hughes Medal for outstanding poetry. Nikki Giovanni was motivated to write politically and artistically radical poems aimed at raising awareness of black rights and promoting the struggle for racial equality. This study however includes a number of Giovanni’s poems where in social injustice is the principle theme. According to Giovanni African Americans were treated unfairly and human rights were abused. Giovanni uses example of issues with African American, strugg les of radical equality, and crimes against humanity. In this poem â€Å"Concerning One Responsible with Too much Power†, Giovanni illustrates social injustice by creating images of what social injustice means. â€Å"Scared? Are responsible Negroes running scared? I understand I’m to be sued and you say you can’t fight fifteen hundred national guards, men so you’ll beat the shit out of poor Black me (no doubt because I’ve castrated you) dynamite came to your attention and responsible negroes tell the cops your tongue must be removed since you have no brain to keep it in check aren’t you turned around teaching tolerance how can I tolerate genocide my cup is full and you already know we have no ability to delay gratification. I only want to reclaim myself I even want you to reclaim yourself but more and more I’m being convinced that death responsible Negro is the first step toward my reclamation it’s very sad I’d normally stop and cry but...

A Student Lesson Plan for Writing Story Problems

A Student Lesson Plan for Writing Story Problems This lesson gives students practice with story problems by teaching them how to write their own and solve the problems of their classmates. The plan is designed for third-grade students. It requires 45 minutes and additional class periods. Objective Students will use addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division to write and solve story problems. Common Core Standard  Met This lesson plan satisfies the following Common Core standard in the Operations and Algebraic Thinking category  and the Representing  and Solving Problems Involving Multiplication and Division subcategory. This lesson meets standard 3.OA.3:  Use multiplication and division within 100 to solve word problems in situations involving equal groups, arrays, and measurement quantities, e.g., by using drawings and equations with a symbol for the unknown number to represent the problem. Materials White paperColoring pencils or crayonsPencil Key Terms Story problemsSentencesAdditionSubtractionMultiplicationDivision Lesson Introduction If your class uses a textbook, choose a story problem from a recent chapter and invite students to come up and solve it. Mention to them that with their imaginations, they could write much better problems, and will do so in todays lesson. Instruction Tell students that the learning target for this lesson is to be able to write interesting and challenging story problems for their classmates to solve.Model one problem for them, using their input. Begin by asking for two student names to use in the problem. Desiree and Sam will be our examples.What are Desiree and Sam doing? Going to the pool? Getting lunch at a restaurant? Going grocery shopping? Have the students set the scene as you record the information.Bring the math in when they decide what is going on in the story. If Desiree and Sam are getting lunch in a restaurant, maybe they want four pieces of pizza, and each piece is $3.00. If they are grocery shopping, maybe they want six apples at $1.00 each, or  two boxes of crackers at $3.50 each.Once the students have discussed their scenarios, model how to write a question as an  equation. In the above example, if you want to find the total cost of the food, you may write 4 pieces of pizza X $3.00 X, where X represents the t otal cost of the food. Give students time to experiment with these problems. Its very common for them to create an excellent scenario, but then make mistakes in the equation. Continue working on these until they are able to create their own and solve the problems that their classmates create. Assessment For homework, ask students to write their own story problem. For extra credit, or just for fun, ask students to involve family members and get everyone at home to write a problem, too. Share as a class the next day- its fun when the parents get involved. Evaluation The evaluation for this lesson can and should be ongoing. Keep these story problems bound in a three-ring binder in a learning center. Continue adding to it as students write more and more complex problems. Make copies of the story problems every so often, and collect these documents in a student portfolio. The problems are sure to show the students growth over time.

Introduction To Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Introduction To Political Science - Essay Example The essential test of a democracy has been the belief that the source of political authority must be and remain in the people and not in the ruler. The people have the freedom to determine the nature and content of political power, to place and replace magistrates in positions of political trust, to enact and revoke the laws by which they are governed. In short, it will be self-government; it will be in consonance with and be based upon the development of personality and individuality in every self. (Barker, 1958, p.36). It will be government by the people, not as an unorganized mass but as an organized society of living selves; not in terms of gender, color, ethnicity or other differentiating stipulations in society, but as citizens of the country. It will not rest on mere numbers, but on the quality and value of social life, particularly on the two pillars of Liberty and Equality, which are at once its foundation and its product. To the extent that there is a denial or abridgement of either of these principles to any section of people in a society, to that extent there will be the 'shortfall' in the operation of democracy in that society. And the section of the people deprived of the enjoyment of any of these principles will find it difficult to be elected to positions of political trust. Based on these tenets, we examine why so few women in the USA, as of now, occupy positions of political leadership in the country. Denial of civic equality to women. For much too long a period, American democracy has not been an inclusive political community. Large sections of 'citizens' were excluded from enjoying the basic rights of a citizen, namely the right to vote. For more than 150 years after the American democratic and republican constitution came into existence, American women were denied the right to vote. They secured it only after years of 'struggle' to be recognized as equal citizens of the country along with the men citizens, with the passage of the 19th amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920. This was granted about a century after Frances Wright, a Scottish immigrant had first advocated women's suffrage in a series of lectures in 1826. The 'struggle' to secure equal rights for women in electing the representatives to the national and state legislatures continued sporadically during the first half of the 19th century. In 1840, Lucretia Mott and Margaret Fuller, the author of the book The Great Lawsuit; Man vs. Woman became acti ve in Boston. Efforts to gain various women's rights were subsequently led by women famous in the American feminist movement such as Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis. In 1869 Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton founded the National Woman Suffrage Association with the object of securing an amendment to the Constitution in favor of woman suffrage. The American Woman Suffrage Association, headed by Lucy Stone, was also formed at this time by those who believed that suffrage should be brought about by amendments to the various States constitutions. In 1890, these two bodies united into one national organization, led by Susan B. Anthony, and known as the National American Woman Su

Diversity-Impact of globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Diversity-Impact of globalization - Essay Example Multi national companies working in different countries need to be monitored with varied administrative techniques to keep in the track with the changing face of the industrial and economic environments to tune up the organization according to these changes. Diverse culture demands coordinating with workforce from different cultural back ground etc. These employees are to be empowered to organization goals and objectives to turn them towards organizational excellence. The author in the article has asserted the need to give due importance to the diversity of top executives of the different regional background to work in different regions to understand the native environment and enhance the reach to the overseas employees. The racial discrimination in the top notch companies executive level positions have been highlighted where most of the individuals are white-skinned. The notion that the other section of employees are been confined to the middle level management positions was ably raised as a concern. The example that Pepsi Co adopted to hire diversified workforce to lead different regions has clearly justified the importance of diversity in work environment and the growing importance of women in prime positions in organization. The vital reason here that has to be noted is the Asian and African countries have had made rapid development and in order to gain benefits from their manpower and service excellence, the organizations has to provide them freedom to act on an issue and give them an opportunity at their native regions to lead the firm performance. The women workforce value has to be recognized and they have to be encouraged to implement their strategies in pursuit of the organization... http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hr022 Written by Kelli A. Green, Mayra Lpez, Allen Wysocki, and Karl Kepner, Extracted from Diversity in the Workplace: Benefits, Challenges, and the Required Managerial Tools1

Should regular gasoline be replaced by hybrid cars in the next 20 Essay

Should regular gasoline be replaced by hybrid cars in the next 20 years - Essay Example Bursting fossil fills causes certified air defilement and harms the earth, since there is at some point to use up fossil fortifies. Gas is the rule fossil powers for planet force supply and the examination of power approach by Shahriar Shafiee and Erkan Topal in the University of Queensland acknowledges a steady compound rate and registers that spare utilization times of gas is harshly until 2036. That means there are only 23 years left for us to use up gas. Today air pollution is growing in perspective of nursery gases from cars. Cars accept a significant part in the social request however the natural effect by them is the vital issues on the planet additionally. Fortunately, designing in making cars is moved all around the years, hybrid automobiles have been composed and upgraded in the latest century, which is an alternate choice with environmtal and cash identified supportability. Thusly, gas cars should be exchanged by hybrid automobiles from now on. Above all, the issue of air tainting is coming to be dead serious in these decades. Dependable with Union of Concerned Scientists, "Todays on-way vehicles handle in overabundance of a third of the carbon monoxide as well as nitrogen oxides in our surroundings and over twenty percent of the a vast temperature support pollution." The investigation and examination profited by diverse experts and also specialists exhibit that automobiles release is one of the key segments to crumble the earth. Besides, there are two sorts of air sullyings through automobiles. Above all else, drain transmissions, which join risky gases, for instance, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and particulates. Second, vanish surges, which the nursery gases (carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide) are released into nature (Carey 12-17) while duplicating fossil forces. One of the resultant desire of gas cars is the rising of an all inclusive temperature support. Defilements especially from gas automobiles are releas ed all around

Discipline policy in elementary schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discipline policy in elementary schools - Essay Example It is seen to promote the art of cramming as opposed to reading and understanding the concept. Giving students tests that require them to fill in the blank spaces as opposed to those test that they are required to explain a particular concept is not advisable (Greenwood, Kratochwill & Clements, 2008). This makes the students not to be able to develop the art of making sound decision on their own. It degrades their level of thinking critically about what they have learned in class. When the students get involved in the process of decision-making, they get to learn how they will be able to make their own sound decisions with ease. This is a very important aspect in a person’s life since it goes a long way in helping a person in his/her own personal as well as career life. Group work enables the students to be able to discuss a given issue in unison. It enables the students to dispute an issue in an acceptable way. It enables a student in a group to appreciate the point raised by another student in the group, and not to only be in favor of the point that he/she has raised. It enables a student to be able to understand that another student’s point is just as good as his or hers. Parents should support the school fraternity in instilling discipline in their children’s life. Most of the parents usually leave this task for the teachers, and this can be overwhelming for them. The parents should also take up the responsibility of disciplining their children. Therefore, the parents and the teachers should work hand-in-hand to ensure that the students are well disciplined. The teachers should take up their role diligently. They should use proper methods of disciplining students. They should not punish the students severely. They should give them punishments that are mild and proper. In case a student goes out of line, then the teacher should get the student’s parents and they

The new atkins diet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The new atkins diet - Essay Example The diet allows for portion control and an explanation of how the restriction of carbohydrates can be beneficial to people. There is evidence that restricting carbohydrates can be beneficial to those looking to lose weight, with further evidence that restricted carbohydrates can help with diseases such as those involving seizures, Alzheimer’s or type 2 diabetes. Restricting carbohydrates, however, can be seen as restricting the body from some of the food items needed to have a balanced diet. The consideration of the New Atkins Diet is controversial and is likely not a good recommendation for a patient in search of healthy weight control. One of the first things that the writers of the New Atkins Diet state is that the diet was once a fad, but has been proven medically safe for those needing to lose weight (Westman, Phinney and Volek 2010, p. x). Westman, Phinney, and Volek (2010, p. xi) also go on to describe the benefits of low carbohydrate diets to the management of Alzheimer’s, autism, Lou Gehrig’s disease, and brain tumours. The authors do go on to say that there are a great many people, both medical professionals and layman, who do not believe that the Atkin’s form of eating is healthy or practical, but in pursuing their goals to fight obesity, they believe that the once ‘fad’ diet has the potential to revolutionize the lifestyles of those who adhere to their concepts. Looking at the framework within which the eating style is based can begin to reveal whether or not the diet is valuable as a tool for weight loss. Figure 1 is a diagram pyramid that shows how foods should be cons idered in a low carb diet. As the food lifestyle is explained, it is clear that the hope for this version is to make the consumer understand that the diet is not about eating nothing but â€Å"beef, bacon, and butter† (Westman, Phinney, and Volek 2010, p. xv). In Dr. Atkins book of 2002 which further explored his theories on weight loss, the diet is

Pizza Hut Essay Example for Free

Pizza Hut Essay PIZZA HUT was established on June 15 1958 in wichita university campus, wichita, kansas by two brothers FRANK and DAN CARNEY. The brothers had the concept of opening a pizza parlour which was relatively new during the 1950s and the potential of this business was seen by the two. They borrowed around six hundred dollars from their mother to buy second-hand equipments, machineries and rent a small space to open the first Pizza Hut. The next year, the second store was opened in Topeka, Kansas and within a decade Pizza Hut reached three hundred and ten Pizza parlours in various locations serving approximately a million people. In the year 1970, Pizza Hut already had 5,025 branches in the united states alone with half of it franchised. During the same year , the company in 1986 alone amounted to $2 billion. In the years 1990, the total sales of Pizza Hut reached $4 billion world wide. By the year 1996, the sales in the domestic market which is the United States, have reached over $5 million; the company had the largest share of the market in the same year for 46. 4%. in the year 1998, Pizza Hut launched their campaign, â€Å"The Best Pizzas under one roof†, in celebration of the company’s 40th anniversary. COMPANY OVERVIEW: Pizza Hut operates in ninety seven countries throughout the world. As of 2008, Pizza Hut had 7,564 units in the united states and 5,611 units outside the united states (source: Data moniter). Pizza Hut(UK), a privately held company, specialized in the operation of pizza restaurants and takeaways. Pizza Hut(UK) is a subsidiary of United states based Yum! Brands. The company primarily operates in the UK, with the Pizza Hut brand operating worldwide. Its headquartered in Borehamwood, UK. BUSINESS DESCRIPTION: Pizza Hut (UK) specialized in the operation of pizza restaurants and takeaway services. The company operates in four distinct categories of menus: restaurant menu, children’s menu, collection menu, delivery and take-away menu. MAIN MENU: Pizza Hut (UK) restaurant menu includes pizzas; starters and sides; pastas; salad station and salads; lunch buffet and light lunch; desserts, and drinks. The children’s menu includes pizza triangles, delicious margherita pizza, desserts, drinks and buffet. KEY EMPLOYEES: MAJOR PRODUCTS AND SERVICES: The company’s key products and services include the following: Big New Yorker Pizza. Quad Pizza. The Edge Pizza. Stuffed Crust Pizza. Grand Pan Pizza. Sicilian Pizza. Italian Pizza Twisted Crust Pizza. 4 For All Pizza. Pastas. Buffets. Cheesy Bites. Stuffed Crust. SERVICES: Full service restaurants Delivery and Take-Away service. PIZZA HUT SYMBOL: {draw:frame} PIZZA HUT MISSION STATEMENT: We take pride in making a perfect pizza and providing courteous and helpful service on time all the time. Every customer says, â€Å"I†ll be back! †. We are the employer of choice offering team members oppurtunities for growth, advancement, and rewarding careers in a fun, safe working environment. We are accountable for profitability in everthing we do, providing our shareholders with value growth. CORE VALUES: P. E. A. L. S. PASSION for excellance in doing everthing EXECUTE with positive energy and urgency. ACCOUNTABLE for growth in customer satisfaction and profitability. RECOGNIZE the achievement of others and have fun doing it. LISTEN and more importantly, respond to the voice of the customer. MAJOR COMPETITORS: Domino’s Pizza, Inc. Papa John’s International, Inc. McDonald’s Corporation ACHIEVEMENTS: {text:list-item} In 1986 Pizza Hut introduced delivery service, which played a vital role in the career of Pizza Hut. Out of all existing Pizza chains, Pizza Hut had the largest market share, 46. 4%. However, Pizza Hut’s market share has slowly eroded because of intense competition from their rivals of Domino’s and other fast food take away restaurants. These competitors alway look forward to enhance their customer numbers. Also, many other Pizza chains started to diversify and offer new non-pizza items such as buffalo wings, and italian cheese bread in order to increase their varieties and to increase the buyer power. The current chain in the Pizza chain is the same till today. All these Pizza supply chain try to come up with some newer, bigger, better and Pizza for comparatively low price. These chains are also strengthened new Pizza variations. For example, chicken is now a common topping found on Pizza’s. {draw:frame} A 1-800 number customer hotline and A customer call-back program. WHERE DO THEY BUY* ? WHY DO THEY BUY PIZZA* ? {text:list-item} Employing economies of scale, Pizza Hut has made its offering more affordable. Its delivery offer for four personal pan pizzas has been very successful, which helped the business to grow by 25%. The Pizza Hut recently launched a range of vegetarian personal pan pizza’s at very nominal and affordable price. Pizza Hut consolidating its position by opening more restaurants in the big cities where it already has the presence. {draw:frame} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Though Pizza Hut have low competition, although they do have competitors such as dominos pizza, yet they have an advantage over these as Pizza Hut are the restaurant as well as take away unlike dominos pizza, this results Pizza Hut may have more sales therefore more income. Pizza Hut has a very strong market segment, they attract more customers by providing different varities, new products and tastes very often which leads increasing customer numbers and a higher percentage in sales, which may lead to greater profits. The major strength’s of the Pizza Hut are as follows: Pizza Hut is very strong in its financial situation and international turnover. Thus, it is good to manage its chain in the period of recession. Pizza Hut is BRAND LEADER in the united kingdom. Pizza Hut has good balance in its business over twenty thousand franchises around the world. It is also the part of the largest chain restaurant in the world. Since, it provides a skeletal structure to the fast food industries and services. Innovative range of Pizza’s under one roof. It is purely owned by YUM!. Pizza Hut is lacking with its varied range of products to attract customers of all lifestyles. There are complex computer systems and internal conflicts from franchisees, this may drive to de-motivation of staff. Lowering the quality of products, services to the customers and could lead to a lack of ideas. One of the major issue presented in developing a profitable delivery concept was whether there would be a charge for service taking into account that, for competitive reasons, as the company cannot charge for its delivery. This lead the company to increase its price slightly over pizza’s in traditional restaurants. This caused dissatisfaction for the customers. Since, they would pay 10% more for any size of pizza’s. The management also included that, the franchisees must also increase the size of the pizza as they could find the profit from the 10% additional price. But, this wasn’t a fare idea by the top management because the franchisees strongly disagreed with this concept and they find no reasons for delivery and increasing the size of the Pizza. There was major arguement between company and the franchisees, which was solved by providing some incentives by the company. Oppurtunities: The main oppurtunities of the Pizza Hut includes: Market share. Pizza home delivery. Growth into new market. Always looking at consumer satisfaction. Pizza Hut can readily grow in any other markets because it has cohesive and well structured organisation. Pizza Hut also holds a very strong market share. Pizza Hut has expanded its menu in indian market. Pizza Hut has targeted upscale products and a downscale consumer base; this would increase the sales and the revenue of the company. THREATS: There are various threats to the Pizza Hut as it should know more about its customer’s tastes. It should also carry some research to judge the company and its competitors on reputation, product quality, service, strength and price. Pizza Hut must also analyse about the buying decisions of the customers. Domino’s Pizza clearly intanded to gain total market leadership. So, Pizza Hut should try to maintain its position over its competitors. Pizza Hut improve its customer’s loyality quotient as it is comparitively low from its competitor’s. It is a truism to say that it is much more difficult to capture or recapture a customer than to maintain an existing one. Rising in the competition undermines Pizza Hut as consumers go for greater convenience. This would result in decreasing the sales of the Pizza Hut as these sales will switch to smaller companies who are offering their products at lower price. Increase in the cost of ingrediants especially cheese could threaten the margin of the company revenue. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT: It is very important to consider the external environment research for PIZZA HUT. Since, these external changes could drive the company to difficulties. These external environmental context will include PEST analysis which stands for political, environmental, social, technology, which determines the impact of the drivers in the company. P. E. S. T. ANALYSIS: POLITICAL: The political analysis of the Pizza Hut contains health and safety guidelines, labelling of GM (genetically modified) food, animal rights campigns, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy-1998 BRANDING STRATEGY: STRENGTH OF BRAND: A brand is the media between consumers and the company. The promise of the brand always reflects in the mind of the consumers. A strong brand can shape the way consumers think and can create preference in the market place. Following certain principles and behaviours, organisations can strengthen their brands by consistently delivering on their brand promise and making powerful connections with the consumers. Pizza Hut is a International brand reaches over 100 countries. Though other fast food markets maintains the flexibility to respond to the needs of its consumers. Pizza Hut consider the consistent look as a whole and feel for every restaurant. This driven Pizza Hut to be a one of the leading brands. STRENGTH OF SYMBOL AND LOGO: ROLE OF THE CUSTOMER: What people eat(or don’t eat) has always been determined by a complex interplay of social, economic and technological processes (schlosser, 2001). These explanation of the schlosser gives a clear picture of why the consumer makes a purchase. The consumer is identified by a being complexly psychological and on the most part illogical. THE THREE LEVELS OF EXPLANATION OF BUYING AND CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOUR (Dubois, 2000). {draw:text-box}. {draw:text-box} {draw:text-box} Dubois makes the observation that â€Å"people who are hungry notice advertising for food products†. This contention is supported when an example is given; â€Å"In the united states, the television campaign ‘ARE YOU HUNGRY ? ’ which was broadcast late at night by burger king was so successful that it forced the hamburger chain to stay open later† (Dubois, 2000). So, according to this paper narrates that, it is determined that mid-night advertisements for the delivery service or take-away food centres is advisable and consumers tend to attract more towards food products when they are hungry. The reliant on the natural human wants created by hunger. It is hoped that this review when coupled with the findings from the survey will give the debate, depth, purpose and concluding definition. RECOMMENDATIONS: The implement of ORGANIC PIZZA’S may increase the target market and enhance the buyer’s power. The consideration of cultural ethics is important when a new branch of Pizza Hut is launched in other countries. Pizza Hut can develop MEALDEAL as rest of the competitors offer. Example: MCPIZZA. In order to compete with its external environment.